Which term refers to a procedure where a word or words have been removed and the student must fill them in based on context clues?

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The main idea here is using context to fill in missing words in a text, which is a cloze task. In a cloze activity, a passage has some words removed, and you use the surrounding words and grammar to decide what fits. This type of exercise tests how well you can use context clues, structure, and vocabulary knowledge to infer meaning and complete the sentence or passage. So the term that fits this procedure is cloze. The other terms describe broader concepts or different kinds of reading practice: Balanced Literacy is an instructional approach; Assessment is any measurement of learning; Decodable Text is designed to support decoding of phonics patterns.