Which term describes the relationship between phonemes and graphemes?

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Phonics focuses on the link between spoken sounds (phonemes) and the letters or letter patterns that represent them (graphemes). This relationship is the foundation for decoding and spelling: you hear a sound, connect it to the written symbol, and blend sounds to read a word or segment a word to spell it. The same sound can be written in different ways, and a single grapheme can represent different sounds in different contexts, and phonics teaches these sound-letter connections and the rules that govern them. For example, the /f/ sound can be written as f, ph, or gh in different words, and a digraph like sh stands for the /ʃ/ sound. This focus on how sounds map to letters is what helps learners read unfamiliar words and spell accurately. The other terms don’t address these sound-letter relationships—they’re about word formation (derivational endings), organizing ideas (concept map), or a type of assessment (summative evaluation).