Which model of reading begins with decoding print and proceeds through letters, spelling patterns, words, then text?

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Multiple Choice

Which model of reading begins with decoding print and proceeds through letters, spelling patterns, words, then text?

This describes the bottom-up reading model. It starts with decoding print into sounds, using phonics and letter–sound relationships, and then builds up from letters to spelling patterns, to words, and finally to sentences and the whole text. The idea is that understanding emerges as the reader successfully decodes at each smaller unit before moving to larger units, so word recognition and decoding form the foundation for comprehension. This is different from a top-down approach, which begins with meaning and context to infer words and structure, rather than starting with decoding.

This describes the bottom-up reading model. It starts with decoding print into sounds, using phonics and letter–sound relationships, and then builds up from letters to spelling patterns, to words, and finally to sentences and the whole text. The idea is that understanding emerges as the reader successfully decodes at each smaller unit before moving to larger units, so word recognition and decoding form the foundation for comprehension. This is different from a top-down approach, which begins with meaning and context to infer words and structure, rather than starting with decoding.

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