Which category includes endings such as er, ism, its, ful, able, action, ness, ment, ify, il that change a word's meaning?

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Endings that change a word’s meaning are derivational endings. They attach to base words to form new words and often shift the word’s part of speech, not just show tense or number. For example, adding -er to a verb like teach makes a noun meaning “one who teaches” (teacher); adding -ness to an adjective like happy forms a noun meaning the state of being happy (happiness); adding -ment to a verb like develop yields a noun (development); -ful can turn a root into an adjective (beautiful); -able makes a verb into an adjective meaning “able to be” (readable); and -action or -ify can create nouns or verbs that express new concepts or actions. These endings fundamentally change meaning and/or grammatical category, unlike phonics (sound-symbol relationships), multisensory teaching methods, or formative assessment.